Ukwenziwa kwePCB yoNyango
Ukusuka kuYilo ukuya kwiNdibano
PCB Medical luhlobo oluthile PCB esetyenziswa kushishino lwezonyango. Njengoko ishishini lezonyango laseTshayina litshintsha ukusuka kumayeza emveli aseTshayina ukuya kumayeza aseNtshona, imfuno yezobuchwephesha bezonyango inyuke kakhulu. Oku kubangele uphuhliso lwe-China yokwenziwa kwe-PCB yonyango kunye nobuchwepheshe bendibano, okwenza i-RICH PCBA ibe ngumvelisi we-PCBA wezixhobo zonyango ezithembekileyo. Isekethe yezonyango eveliswe yi-RICH PCBA isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuluhlu lwezixhobo zonyango, kubandakanywa oomatshini be-ultrasound, izixhobo zokubeka iliso zesigulane, iinkqubo zokuxilonga zonyango, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifuna ulawulo lwe-elektroniki oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo. Ezi PCBA zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni imisebenzi ye-elektroniki yezixhobo zonyango.
Fumana i-Quote yeNdibano ye-PCB evela kwi-RICH PCBA
Ukuba ujonge umenzi okumgangatho ophezulu we-PCB/PCBA yonyango, ungaqhubeki no-RICH PCBA. Ekubeni i-elektroniki yezonyango inxulumene nempilo yabantu, kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka. Ukongeza, ezinye ii-elektroniki zezonyango ezifakelweyo zifuna ukuchaneka ngakumbi kunye nozinzo, ngoko ke kufuneka ziyilelwe ukumelana nemeko yezonyango engqongqo, uvavanyo oluthe kratya lubandakanyeka kwimveliso, kunye nokuthengiswa kwamacandelo kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngexesha lendibano, njl.
● Ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza
● Turnkey PCBA
● ISemi-Turnkey
● INdibano ye-BGA
● Iprototyping
● Ukuveliswa kweBatch
● Ngexabiso eliphantsi
● ETshayina
Yeyiphi i-PCB ye-elektroniki yonyango eyenziweyo?
Ukusukela oko kwaqhambuka ubhubhani we-COVID-19, imfuno yehlabathi yezobuchwephesha bezonyango ihleli iphezulu. Kule meko, i-RICH PCBA ifumene imibuzo emininzi kushishino lwezonyango. Okwangoku, uninzi lwePCBA yonyango esiyivelisayo yeyeethemometha zasebunzini zombane. Nangona kunjalo, sikwavelisa i-PCBA yezinye izixhobo zonyango ezifana ne-CT scanners, izibane zotyando, kunye noluhlu lwezinye iimveliso. Le ilandelayo yeminye yemizekelo yePCBA yeemveliso zonyango esinokuzinika abathengi bethu:
● Izincedisi-ntliziyo
● Iidefibrillators
● Izixhobo zokuphefumla
● UMonga Ebeke esweni
● Isitulo esinamavili soMbane
● Iipumpu zeDigital Nutrition
● Izixhobo zeMRI
● Indawo ebonisa isigulane
● Ukufakelwa kweCochlear
● Iteknoloji yokuSkena
● Iinkqubo zokulawula
● Iimpompo ze-insulin
Ukwenziwa kwePCB yoNyango
Inyathelo 1: Uyilo lomfanekiso
Kweli nyathelo, umzi-mveliso we-PCB wonyango ubandakanyeka kwinkqubo kwaye usebenzisa umshicileli wokucwangcisa ukuguqula iifayile zoyilo lweebhodi zesekethe zibe ziifilim, ezisebenza njengezinto ezingezizo iifoto zomzobo.
Xa iPCB ishicilelwe, iileya zangaphakathi zibonisa imibala emibini ye-inki:
● I-inki emnyama imele imikhondo yobhedu kunye neesekethe kwi-PCB.
● I-inki ecacileyo, njengesiseko se-fiberglass, imele iindawo ze-PCB ezingaqhubekiyo.
Umaleko wangaphandle une:
● Iindlela zobhedu eziboniswa nge-inki ecacileyo.
● Indawo apho ubhedu luza kufakwa khona iboniswa nge-inki emnyama.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Umaleko wangaphakathi oShicileleyo weKopolo
Eli nyathelo libandakanya ukwenziwa kweesekethe zomaleko ongaphakathi kwi-PCB yonyango ukuseka iindlela zokuqhuba kwiileya ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba iprojekthi yakho ifuna i-PCB yonyango entsonkothileyo ye-multilayer, eli nyathelo kufuneka liphindwe de zonke iisekethe zomaleko ongaphakathi ziprintwe kwaye zifakwe. Ekugqibeleni, zilungelelaniswa kwaye zi-laminated ukuze zenze umaleko wangaphakathi opheleleyo. Imisebenzi ethile yile ilandelayo:
1.Laminate iileya zobhedu kwicala ngalinye le-fiberglass substrate.
2.Ukulungelelanisa ifilimu encinci kunye nemigangatho yobhedu kwaye uyibeke phezulu.
3.Sebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) ukunyanga nokukhusela ubhedu olungaphantsi.
4.Sebenzisa isisombululo sekhemikhali sokuphuhlisa ibhodi yesekethe, ukususa i-inki ecacileyo enganyangwanga, kushiye ngasemva imikhondo neesekethe zethusi.
I-5.I-Etch ukususa i-foil yobhedu engaphezulu, kunye ne-inki emnyama kwifilimu eqinisekisa ukuba kuphela ubhedu kwiindawo ezingafunekiyo.
Inyathelo lesi-3: Ukudibanisa iiLeya ezahlukeneyo
Nje ukuba zonke iileyile zangaphakathi eziyimfuneko ziye zenziwa i-etching, printing, kunye ne-lamination, ukuqinisekisa ukucoceka, iileya ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zidityaniswe ukwenza ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo epheleleyo. Oku kubandakanya inkqubo yokugaya ukudibanisa kunye neengqimba zangaphakathi. Uninzi lwabavelisi baqesha ukomba we-CNC wesintu, onokuthi ungoneli kwi-PCB yonyango eneemfuno ezichanekileyo.
Thatha, umzekelo, iPCB yezonyango, apho kwanezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zinokuba nemingxunya engaphezulu kwekhulu, singasathethi ke ngezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo. Ixesha elifunekayo kwimveliso yinkalo nje enye yomngeni; eyona nto ibaluleke nangakumbi kukuba naluphi na unxaxho olungephi lunokukhokelela kukusilela kwindibano.
Ukukhawulelana nalo mceli mngeni, i-RICH PCBA isebenzisa oomatshini bokugrumba be-optical kunye neenkqubo zokomba ngelaser ukuphumeza ukugrumba ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kubandakanya umatshini oqhuba izikhonkwane kwimingxuma yokulungelelanisa ukulungelelanisa iileya zangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-PTH ngexesha lokuhlanganisana kwe-PCB yomngxuma.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Ukwenziwa kweMifanekiso yoMaleko waNgaphandle
Ukwenza umfanekiso umaleko wangaphandle linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwePCB. Enye photoresist isetyenziswa kwiphaneli yonyango ye-PCB, ebandakanya ukudlulisa umfanekiso woyilo lwePCB kumaleko obhedu kumphezulu ongaphandle webhodi. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-imaging, i-photoresist isetyenziswe kuphela kuluhlu lwangaphandle. Inkqubo yenzeka kwindawo ecocekileyo nekhuselekileyo.
Inkqubo yokucinga iqala ngokucoca umphezulu wobhedu ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nkunkuma okanye i-debris ekhoyo enokuphazamisa ukuhanjiswa komfanekiso. Izikhonkwane zisetyenziselwa ukubamba amaxwebhu e-inki amnyama endaweni kwaye uwagcine ekuphumeni emgceni. Emva kokufakwa ngefotoresist, iphaneli yezonyango yePCB iya kwigumbi elityheli. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kwe-UV kwenza lukhuni i-photoresist, kwaye i-resistance engaqiniweyo egqunywe nge-inki emnyama iyasuswa.
Inyathelo lesi-5: Ukubotshelelwa koMaleko waNgaphandle
Ngethuba le nkqubo, naluphi na ubhedu olungelulo lolwaleko lwangaphandle luyasuswa, kwaye ubhedu olongezelelweyo longezwa usebenzisa i-electroplating. I-tin ene-electroplated isetyenziselwa ukukhusela iindawo ezibalulekileyo zobhedu emva kokuhlamba ubhedu lokuqala. Nje ukuba ugcino lwamaleko wangaphandle lugqityiwe, indawo yolawulo inokujongwa uHlolo lwe-AOI ukuqinisekisa ukuba neebhodi zePCB zobuhle zonyango ezineesekethe ezintsonkothileyo ziyahlangabezana neenkcukacha eziyimfuneko.
Inyathelo 6: IMask yeSolder kunye neSilk Screen
Emva kokuba ukuveliswa komjikelezo kugqityiwe, imaski ye-solder isetyenziswa ukukhusela umaleko wangaphandle webhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo kunye nokusebenzisa iinkcukacha zesikrini sesilika ezifana ne-ID yenkampani, iilogo zomenzi, iisimboli, izinto zokufanisa, iindawo zokukhomba, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezibalaseleyo okanye Iimbonakalo. Inkqubo ibandakanya:
1.Ukucoca iphaneli yePCB yonyango ukususa naziphi na izinto ezingcolisayo.
2.Ukufaka i-epoxy resin inki kunye nefilimu ye-mask ye-solder kumphezulu webhodi yesekethe.
3.Ukuveza ukukhanya kwe-UV ukunyanga iindawo apho i-soldering ingafunekiyo kwi-solder mask layer.
4.Ukususa iindawo ezingadingi ukugquma kunye nokubeka ibhodi kwi-oven ukuqinisa i-solder mask layer.
5.Ukusebenzisa iprinta ye-inkjet ukuprinta ngokuthe ngqo iinkcukacha zolwazi ebhodini.
Inyathelo lesi-7: Ukugqitywa komphezulu
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomthengi, kunokufuneka ukuba kufakwe umphezulu ogqityiweyo kwi-PCB yonyango egqityiweyo, ebandakanya ukusebenzisa i-coating of conductive material kumphezulu webhodi.
INdibano yePCB yoNyango
Inyathelo loku-1: Ukwenziwa kweStencing yeSolder
Ubuchule bokwenza stenciling solder paste linqanaba lokuqala lenkqubo yendibano yePCB. Kule nyathelo, i-stencil ye-PCB isetyenziselwa ukugubungela ibhodi yesiphaluka ukuze kuphela inxalenye yebhodi eya kufakwa kunye necandelo ibonakala. Oku kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa i-solder paste kuphela kwiindawo zebhodi apho amacandelo aya kufakwa khona.
Isixhobo somatshini sisetyenziselwa ukubamba ibhodi kunye ne-stencil ye-solder endaweni ukuze oku kufezekiswe. Emva koko, umfaki-sicelo usetyenziselwa ukufaka i-solder paste kwiindawo ezichazwe kwangaphambili. I-solder paste isetyenziswe ngokuqhubekayo kuzo zonke iindawo ezivulekileyo. Emva kokuba eli nyathelo ligqityiwe, i-stencil iyasuswa, kwaye i-solder paste ishiywe kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo.
Inyathelo 2: Umdlalo "Khetha nendawo"
Uninzi lwezixhobo zombane zonyango zifakwe emzimbeni womntu okanye zinxitywe kumalungu abuthathaka. Ukuba ezi zixhobo azisebenzi kakuhle, njengokuhamba kancinci okanye zitshise, zisenokubangela ukwenzakala okwesibini kumguli. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukubeka ngokuchanekileyo amacandelo kwiindawo ezichongiweyo usebenzisa izixhobo ezichanekileyo.
Ii-elektroniki zonyango ezifakelweyo, ezifana nokufakwa kwe-cochlear kunye ne-eyeballs eyenziweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo zinamalungu amaninzi e-elektroniki kulwakhiwo lwazo lwangaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ezincinci zinika imingeni kwinkqubo yokukhetha kunye nokubeka, okwenza kube nzima ukugcina ukuchaneka. Ukufezekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu okufunekayo ekuhlanganiseni i-PCB yokufakelwa kwe-cochlear yonyango, i-RICH PCBA isebenzisa izixhobo zerobhothi. Iirobhothi zinoxanduva lokuchola kunye nokugxumeka izinto eziphezu komhlaba kwiibhodi zeesekethe, ziqinisekisa ukuba iikhomponenti zibekwe ngokuchanekileyo kwintlama ye-solder kunye nesixhobo sokunyuswa.
Inyathelo lesi-3: I-Soldering Reflow
Inkqubo ye-reflow soldering yenzelwe ukuqinisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwebhodi yesiphaluka kunye namacandelo ombane. Ukufezekisa oku, ibhanti yokuhambisa isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ibhodi yesiphaluka kwi-oven enkulu yokubuyisela. Intlama solder inyibilika ngokufudumeza ibhodi PCBA ukuya malunga 2500 degrees Celsius ngexesha lenkqubo. Emva kokufudumala kwi-oven, i-PCBA yonyango ihamba ngoluhlu lwezinto ezipholileyo, ezinceda i-solder inamathisele ipholile kwaye iqine, ibangele ukudibanisa okunamandla phakathi kwezinto zombane kunye nebhodi.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwi-PCB yonyango ene-double-layered, i-stenciling kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela kwakhona zenziwa ngomyalelo othile. Icala lebhodi elinamalungu ambalwa kwaye alawulekayo ombane agqitywe kuqala.
Inyathelo 4: Uvavanyo lweNdibano ye-PCB yezoNyango
Sigxininisa ukuchaneka, ukuthembeka, kunye nobunjani obubalulekileyo beebhodi zeesekethe zonyango. Ke ngoko, ukufumana abavelisi abathembekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezibalaseleyo zePCBA kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba banesatifikethi se-ISO 13485 kubaluleke kakhulu. Naxa behlangabezana nezi khrayitheriya, kuseyimfuneko ukuba bahlole iinkonzo zabo zovavanyo lwe-PCB.
Ukongeza kokuhlolwa kwesandla okuqhuba kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa, kubandakanywa i-SPI kunye ne-AOI, uvavanyo olusebenzayo lwenziwa kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokuhlanganisa i-PCB yonyango. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-mainboard isebenza njengoko ilindelekile kwaye ihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu ebekwe lishishini lezonyango.
Emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, ukucocwa ngokucokisekileyo kwebhodi yesekethe kuqhutyelwa ukususa nayiphi na intsalela enokuthi ifakwe njengeoli, i-solder flux, okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo. Ukongeza, ngenxa yeemfuno ezithile zemveliso, abathengi banokufuna iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zemveliso ye-PCBA yonyango, efana nokuphathwa kweenyumba, ngokusekelwe kuhlobo oluthile lwesicelo.
I-PCB yezoNyango eziPhakamileyo
Uqhagamshelo loXinano oluPhezulu
I-High-Density Interconnect yenye yeetekhnoloji ezingundoqo zokwakha izixhobo zonyango zala maxesha i-PCB, ejolise ekuphumezeni amacandelo amaninzi e-elektroniki kunye noqhagamshelo ngaphakathi kwendawo enyiniweyo yePCB. Ibhodi yesekethe eyakhiwe ngokusebenzisa obu buchwepheshe yaziwa ngokuba HDI PCB. Ngenxa yeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanyekayo, njengemikhondo emihle, i-vias eyimfama, kunye nokungcwatywa kwe-HDI, i-HDI PCB inokubiza imali eninzi, kodwa bayixabisa kakhulu utyalo-mali.
Kwizicelo zonyango ezikude, akukho kunyamezela ukulibaziseka komqondiso okanye ukuphazamiseka. Nokuba ukutenxa kancinci kwemizuzwana eyi-0.1 kunokuba yingozi kwizigulane. I-PCB ye-HDI ye-Medical-grade iqinisekisa isantya sokudluliselwa kwesignali kunye nokunciphisa imiba eyahlukeneyo yokuphendula. Ngaphaya koko, ngokuphumeza uyilo oluthile kunye nophuculo lobunjineli, ezi bhodi zesekethe ezinoxinano oluphezulu zinokunikwa amandla okumelana nokuphazamiseka kombane kunye nengxolo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngamanyathelo afana nokucwangciswa kwenqwelomoya ephantsi, ukukhuselwa kwe-interlayer, kunye nokucoca i-EMI.
Okwangoku, uninzi lwezixhobo zonyango ze-CT zokuskena kunye ne-multimodal physiological and electrocardiogram (ECG) iimonitha ziyazuza kumanqaku ayinyaniso adadayo anikwe amandla yi-HDI PCB.
Ubhetyebhetye
Ishishini lezonyango linemfuno ebalulekileyo ye-PCB ebhetyebhetye ngenxa yeenzuzo zabo ezifana ne-miniaturization, inkululeko yoyilo, kunye nokuguquguquka. Ezi mpawu zihlangabezana neemfuno zezixhobo zonyango zobunzima, obuncinci, kunye nezisombululo ezithembekileyo.
Iimveliso ze-elektroniki zonyango kufuneka zimelane neemeko ezinzima ngaphakathi komzimba womntu ngelixa zibonelela ngokuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kombane, ukwenza iisekethe eziguquguqukayo zibe lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwezo zicelo. Ngokwesiqhelo zenziwe ngezinto ezibhityileyo nezibhetyebhetye njenge polyimide okanye ipolyester, ezivumela ukuba zigobe, zigobe, okanye zijije ukuze zilingane izithuba eziqinileyo okanye iimilo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngaphaya koko, uyilo lwePCB ebhetyebhetye lunokwamkela ukuhluka kobushushu, ukubonelela ngokuthintela amanzi, ukugcina ubunyumba, kunye nokuvumela ukudibana kwakhona okuninzi.
Izixhobo zonyango ezahlukeneyo zixhomekeke kwiisekethe eziguquguqukayo njengezona zinto ziphambili, kubandakanywa i-pacemakers, i-defibrillators, i-neurostimulators, oomatshini be-ultrasound, i-endoscopes, kunye nokunye.
Ulwakhiwo lwaMathala amaninzi
Ngokwahlukileyo, i-PCB eqinile inokubonelela ngesakhiwo esithembekileyo sangaphakathi xa kuthelekiswa ne-PCB eguquguqukayo, njengoko abavelisi banokubeka amacandelo kwiqonga elizinzile ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukugoba, abanako ukunika inzuzo ye-miniaturization, kwaye ke, baxhomekeke kwiingenelo zezakhiwo ezinamaleko amaninzi ukulungiselela amacandelo amaninzi.
Kwiimveliso ezininzi zonyango eziphezulu, i-PCB eqinile ifumaneka rhoqo. Ezi ziquka iirobhothi zotyando, oomatshini beX-reyi, izixhobo zeMRI, iielectrocardiographs, neempompo zechemotherapy. Uninzi lwabavelisi bezixhobo zonyango bakhetha i-PCB enemigangatho emininzi kwizicelo ezinjalo. Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ezi PCB ziquka i-glass epoxy resin, i-aluminiyam, i-ceramics, kunye nokunye.
Uvavanyo olungqongqo lwe-PCB yonyango
Inkqubo yophuhliso lwezixhobo zonyango ibandakanya ingqwalasela eyongezelelweyo kunye neemfuno ezingaphaya koko kufunwa ngokubanzi ekudaleni i-PCB engabalulekanga. Uvavanyo oluninzi lwenziwa kwizixhobo zonyango, olungaphezu kokuthethwa kwezinye iintlobo zePCB. Oku kuqala ngenxa yeemfuneko zovavanyo ezingqongqo ezibekwe zii-arhente ezilawulayo; nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo olusebenzayo kunye novavanyo lwemveliso luhlala luyimfuneko. Uvavanyo lolawulo olufunekayo kwizixhobo zonyango luhlala luwela kolunye lwezintlu ezimbini ezibanzi:
● Izixhobo zonyango ezidlulisa amandla ukuya okanye ukusuka kwisigulane okanye ukubona amandla athunyelwa okanye avela kwisigulane yingqwalasela yoMgangatho we-IEC 60601-1.
● Izixhobo zonyango ezingaqhagamshelwanga ngokuthe ngqo kwisigulane, njengezo zisetyenziswa elabhoratri, ziwela ngaphakathi kwe-IEC 61010-1.
Ulwazi olwandulelayo lubonisa ubuchule be-RICH PCBA ekuveliseni nasekuhlanganiseni i-PCB yezonyango. Ukuba uyabuvuma ubuchule bethu, nceda unganqikazi ukuqhagamshelana nathi nge-imeyile. Siya kuphendula kumbuzo wakho ngokukhawuleza kwaye sikubonelele ngekowuteshini yePCBA efikelelekayo.
Ugqaliselo lweProjekthi
Ukuthembeka kwezicelo ze-PCB zonyango kubalulekile, nokuba zisetyenziswa kwigumbi lokusebenza okanye elebhu. Akukho ndawo yokuba izixhobo zingasebenzi kakuhle okanye zingasebenzi ngendlela engafanelekanga kwicandelo lezonyango. Ke ngoko, ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zibalulekile ekudaleni ibhodi yesekethe ukuze isetyenziswe kwizixhobo zonyango:
● Uyilo lwePCB kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo iimfuno ezithile zesixhobo sonyango, kubandakanywa nokubalwa kwecandelo, ubungakanani bebhodi, kunye neemfuno zolawulo lobushushu.
● Kubalulekile ukubeka amacandelo ngononophelo kwaye ulandele umkhondo ngokufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ibhodi eyimpumelelo.
● UKhetho lwaMacandelo lubalulekile ekudaleni izixhobo zonyango ezithembekileyo. Kubalulekile ukufumana amacandelo angcono kakhulu ahlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zesixhobo sonyango, kwaye anokwethenjelwa, ahlala ixesha elide, kwaye aphile ixesha elide.
● Khetha umzi-mveliso wendibano yePCB yobuchwephesha okanye inkampani enamava ngenkonzo yoshishino lwezonyango kunye nodumo oluhle lokuqinisekisa umgangatho weenkonzo zendibano yePCB.
● Ukusetyenziswa kwendibano yasimahla yePCB yelothe kuthathwa njengento esebenzayo, kwaye ukukhetha inkampani ezinikele ekuzinzeni kunokuzisa inzuzo engalindelekanga kwiprojekthi yakho.
● Inkqubo yokucoca i-PCB ibaluleke kakhulu kwii-elektroniki zonyango. Ngelixa injongo yokucoca iqhelekile ukunqanda iisekethe ezimfutshane ezibangelwa ngamabala angaphezulu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kwizixhobo zonyango, iiarhente zokucoca ezishiyekileyo zinokwenzakalisa izigulana.
● Iibhodi zeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kufuneka zihlolwe kwaye zivavanywe ngokucokisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo yokuthembeka, ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko.
● Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-electromagnetic interference (EMI) ayichaphazeli i-PCB yonyango, iinjineli kufuneka zibhekiselele kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ye-EMI.