Ukuhlaziywa Nokuncishiswa Komsindo Wokuhlinzekwa Kwamandla Enqubweni Yokuklama Ye-PCB Yemvamisa Ephakeme

Ku high-frequency PCBs, umsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla ugqama njengendlela ebalulekile yokuphazamiseka. Lesi sihloko senza ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwezici kanye nemvelaphi yomsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla kuma-PCB anemvamisa ephezulu, futhi inikeza izixazululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo ezisuselwe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela.

A.Ukuhlaziywa Komsindo Wokuhlinzekwa Kwamandla

Umsindo wokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ubhekisela emsindweni okhiqizwe noma ophazanyiswe ukunikezwa kwamandla ngokwawo. Lokhu kugxambukela kubonakala kulezi zici ezilandelayo:

1. Umsindo osabalalisiwe obangelwa yi-impedance yemvelokokuphakelwa kukagesi. Kumasekhethi anemvamisa ephezulu, umsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla uthinta kakhulu amasignali amaza aphezulu. Ngakho-ke, imfuneko yokuqala iwumsindo ophansiukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo umhlabathi ohlanzekile kanye nokuphakelwa kukagesi.

Esimeni esihle, ukunikezwa kwamandla kungabai-impedance-free, okubangela umsindo. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, ukunikezwa kwamandla kunomphumela othile, osakazwa kuwo wonke amandla kagesi, okuholela ekuphakameni komsindo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kokunikezwa kwamandla. Kungcono ukuba nokuzinikela indiza yamandlafuthiindiza yaphansi. Kudizayini yesekethe yefrikhwensi ephezulu, ngokuvamile kusebenza kangcono kakhulu ukudizayina ukunikezwa kwamandla ngezandlalelo kunefomethi yebhasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iluphu ilandela ngokungaguquguquki indlela nge-impedance encane. Ukwengeza, ibhodi lamandla linikeza ailuphu yesignalikuwo wonke amasiginali akhiqiziwe futhi amukelwe ku-PCB, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe iluphu yesiginali nokunciphisa umsindo.

2. Ukuphazamiseka Kwenkundla Yemodi Ejwayelekile: Lolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka luphathelene nomsindo phakathi kokunikezwa kwamandla nomhlabathi. Ivela ekuphazamiseni okubangelwa iluphu eyakhiwe isifunda esiphazamisekile kanye ne-voltage yemodi evamile evela endaweni evamile yereferensi. Ubukhulu buncike emasimini kagesi namagnetic ahlobene, futhi ukuqina kwawo kuphansi kakhulu.

Kulesi simo, ukwehla kwamandla wamanje (Ic) kuholela kuvolthi yemodi evamile ochungechungeniiluphu yamanje, okunomthelela esigabeni sokwamukela. Uma iinsimu kazibutheI-voltage yemodi evamile ekhiqizwa ku-loop yomhlabathi yochungechunge inikezwa ifomula:

ΔB kufomula (1) imele ushintsho kumandla kazibuthe wokungeniswa, kukalwa ngo-Wb/m²; U-S usho indawo eku-m².

Okwe-inkambu ye-electromagnetic, lapho i inkambu kagesi inani liyaziwa, i-voltage eyenziwe inikezwa i-Equation (2), ngokuvamile esebenza lapho L=150/F noma ngaphansi, no-F emelei-electromagnetic wave frequencykwe MHz. Uma lo mkhawulo weqiwe, ukubalwa kwe-voltage ephezulu eyenziwe lula kungenziwa lula ngale ndlela elandelayo:

3. Ukuphazamiseka Kwensimu Yemodi Ehlukile: Lokhu kubhekisela ekuphazamisekeni phakathi kokunikezwa kwamandla kanye ne-ulayini wamandla wokufaka nowokukhiphayos. Ekwakhiweni kwangempela kwe-PCB, umbhali wabona ukuthi umnikelo wayo emsindweni wokuphakelwa kukagesi mncane, ngakho-ke ungashiywa lapha.
4. Ukuphazanyiswa kwe-Interline: Lolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka luphathelene nokugxambukela phakathi kwezintambo zikagesi. Uma kukhona i-mutual capacitance (C) kanye ne-mutual inductance (M1-2) phakathi kwamasekhethi amabili ahlukene afanayo, ukuphazamiseka kuzobonakala kusekethe ephazamisekile uma kukhona i-voltage (VC) kanye neyamanje (IC) kusekethi yomthombo wokuphazanyiswa:
   1. I-voltage ehambisana ne-capacitive impedance inikezwa i-Equation (4), lapho i-RV imelela inani elihambisanayoukumelana nokuphelakanye neukumelana okudekweisifunda esiphazamisekile.
   2. Ukumelana nochungechunge ngokuhlanganisa i-inductive: Uma kunomsindo wemodi evamile emthonjeni wokuphazamiseka, ukuphazamiseka kwe-interline ngokuvamile kuvela kuzo zombili imodi evamile kanye nemodi yokuhlukanisa.
5. Ukuhlanganisa Ulayini Wamandla: Lesi senzakalo senzeka lapho intambo kagesi idlulisela iziphazamiso kwamanye amadivaysi ngemva kokubhekana nakhoukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetickusuka ku-AC noma ku-DC umthombo wamandlaLokhu kumelela uhlobo olungaqondile lokuphazamiseka komsindo wokuhlinzekwa kwamandla i-high-frequency circuits. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla angeke ukwazi ukuzikhiqizela wona, kodwa ungase futhi ubangele ukungeniswa kokuphazanyiswa kwangaphandle, okuholela ekuphakameni okuphezulu (okukhazimulayo noma okwenziwa) komsindo okhiqizwa ngokwawo, ngaleyo ndlela uphazamise amanye amasekhethi noma amathuluzi.

• Izinyathelo Zokuphikisa Ukuqeda Ukuphazamiseka Komsindo Wokuhlinzekwa Kwamandla

Uma kucatshangelwa ukubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene kanye nezimbangela zokuphazamiseka komsindo wokunikezwa kwamandla okuhlaziywe ngenhla, izimo eziholela emsindweni wokuphakelwa kwamandla zingaphazanyiswa ngokuqondile, kucindezelwe ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka. Izixazululo ezilandelayo ziyanconywa:

• UkunakaIbhodi Ngembobos: Ngokusebenzisa izimbobo kudingekileetching ukuvulas kweungqimba wokuphakelwa kwamandlaukwamukela ukudlula kwabo. Uma ukuvulwa kwesendlalelo samandla kukukhulu kakhulu, kungathinta iluphu yesiginali, kuphoqe isignali ukuthi idlule futhi kwandise indawo eyiluphu nomsindo. Uma imigqa yesignali ethile igxiliswe eduze nendawo yokuvula futhi yabelana ngale loop, i-impedance evamile ingaholela ku-crosstalk.
• I-Ground Wire Eyanele Yamakhebula: Isiginali ngayinye idinga iluphu yesiginali yayo ezinikele, enesignali nendawo yeluphu egcinwe iyingcosana ngangokunokwenzeka, iqinisekisa ukuqondanisa okuhambisanayo.
• Ukubekwa Kwesihlungi Somsindo Wokuhlinzekwa Kwamandla: Lesi sihlungi sicindezela ngempumelelo umsindo wokunikezwa kwamandla wangaphakathi, isistimu ethuthukisayo.anti-ukugxambukelanokuphepha. Isebenza njengezindlela ezimbiliIsihlungi se-RF, ukuhlunga ukuphazamiseka komsindo okwethulwe entanjeni yamandla (ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amadivaysi) kanye nomsindo okhiqizwa wona ngokwawo (ukugwema ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amadivaysi), kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemodi evamile yemodi ehlukile.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandlaIsiguquli: Lokhu kuhlukanisa iluphu yaphansi yemodi evamile yeIkhebula lesignali ye-loop yamandla, ehlukanisa ngempumelelo i-loop yemodi evamile ekhiqizwa kumafrikhwensi aphezulu.
• Ukulawulwa kwamandla: Ukubuyisela ugesi ohlanzekile kunganciphisa kakhulu umsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla.
• Izintambo: Imigqa yokufaka kanye nokuphumayo kokunikezwa kwamandla kufanele kugcinwe kude nonqenqema lwebhodi le-dielectric ukugwema ukukhiqiza imisebe kanye nokuphazamisa ezinye izifunda noma izinto zokusebenza.
• Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuhlukene kwe-Analog kanye neDijithali: Amadivayisi anemvamisa ephezulu ngokuvamile azwela kakhulu kumsindo wedijithali, ngakho kokubili kufanele kuhlukaniswe futhi kuxhunywe ndawonye emnyango wokuhlinzeka amandla. Uma isignali idinga ukweqa kokubili izizinda ze-analog nedijithali, iluphu ingabekwa kusignali ukuze kuncishiswe indawo eyiluphu.
• Gwema Ukugqagqana Kwezamandla Ahlukene Phakathi Kwezendlalelo Ezihlukene: Zama ukuzinyakazisa ukuze uvimbele umsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla ukuthi ungahlangani kalula ngokusebenzisa amandla e-parasitic.
• I-Isolate Sensitive Components: Izingxenye ezifana namalophu akhiywe ngesigaba(PLL) azwela kakhulu kumsindo wokunikezwa kwamandla futhi kufanele agcinwe kude ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela ekunikezeni amandla.
• Ukubekwa Kwentambo Yamandla: Ukubeka ulayini wamandla eduze kolayini wesignali, kunganciphisa iluphu yesiginali futhi kuzuze ukuncishiswa komsindo.
• I-Bypass Path Grounding: Ukuvimbela umsindo onqwabelene obangelwa ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kwamandla ebhodini lesifunda kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuphakelwa kwamandla angaphandle, indlela yokudlula ingamiswa endleleni yokuphazamiseka (ngaphandle kwemisebe), okuvumela umsindo ukuba udlulele phansi futhi ugweme ukuphazamiseka amanye amadivaysi nemishini.

Ekuphetheni:Umsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla, noma ngabe ukhiqizwe ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kusuka kumandla kagesi, uphazamisa umjikelezo. Uma kucindezela umthelela wayo kusekethe, umgomo ojwayelekile kufanele ulandelwe: unciphise umthelela womsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla kusekhethi ngenkathi futhi unciphisa umthelela wezici zangaphandle noma isekethe ekunikezeni amandla ukuvimbela ukuwohloka komsindo wokuphakelwa kwamandla.